Hierarchical Discrete Flow Matching for Multi-Codebook Codec-based Text-to-Speech

Joun Yeop Lee, Heejin Choi, Min-Kyung Kim, Ji-Hyun Lee, Hoon-Young Cho
Samsung Research, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Abstract

Neural codecs with residual vector quantization (RVQ) yield compact discrete representations that preserve high-fidelity speech. While flow matching-based TTS reports strong quality, directly applying discrete flow matching (DFM) to RVQ tokens under a single-code assumption underutilizes the codec hierarchy. We propose Hierarchical Discrete Flow Matching (H-DFM), a multi-head extension of DFM that aligns training with the RVQ hierarchy via a stochastic coarse/fine curriculum: coarse mode updates with fine masked, and fine mode updates conditioned on ground-truth coarse. Also, we use a coarse-biased inference schedule that allocates most of the refinement budget to coarse codebooks, with a small portion allocated to fine codebooks. Experimental results demonstrate superior improvements compared to the FM baselines, indicating that H-DFM integrates seamlessly with flow-matching-based TTS pipelines.

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Zero-Shot TTS Samples

The proposed models are trained on LibriTTS (train-clean-100, train-clean-360, train-other-500), and Emilia Dataset (English portion).
Audio samples are sampled from the test-clean subset, ensuring a zero-shot condition by using unseen speakers.


Text

The chaos in which his ardour extinguished itself was a cold indifferent knowledge of himself.

Ground Truth

Reference (Prompt)


F5-TTS

F5-DFM

F5-H-DFM-b

F5-H-DFM

CosyVoice

Lee et al.

FireRedTTS

Stephen's heart began slowly to fold and fade with fear like a withering flower.


The result is that, in order to keep up a decent appearance, the former habitually live hand to mouth to a greater exten t than the latter.



Text

What a very bad notion that was of his, I thought to myself, to take soundings just here!

Ground Truth

Reference (Prompt)


F5-TTS

F5-DFM

F5-H-DFM-b

F5-H-DFM

CosyVoice

Lee et al.

FireRedTTS

The machinery was taken up in pieces on the backs of mules from the foot of the mountain.


Against these boasting, false apostles, Paul boldly defends his apostolic authority and ministry.